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Constitutive Siglec-1 expression confers susceptibility to HIV-1 infection of human dendritic cell precursors

Isoniazid Preventive Therapy in HIV-Infected Pregnant and Postpartum Women

Implementation of an intensive adherence intervention in patients with second-line antiretroviral therapy failure in four west African countries with little access to genotypic resistance testing: a prospective cohort study

Effects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial

Effect of Universal Testing and Treatment on HIV Incidence - HPTN 071 (PopART)

Neural-Tube Defects and Antiretroviral Treatment Regimens in Botswana

Safety and Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in PatientsWith HIV Infection and Advanced-Stage Cancer. A Systematic Review.

Cerebrospinal fluid viral escape in aviremic HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy: prevalence, risk factors and neurocognitive effects

RAPID antiretroviral therapy: high virologic suppression rates with immediate antiretroviral therapy initiation in a vulnerable urban clinic population

Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study

Increased Metabolic Activity on 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Associated Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome

Virological remission after antiretroviral therapy interruption in female African HIV seroconverters

Do people living with HIV experience greater age advancement than their HIV-negative counterparts?

Prednisone for the Prevention of Paradoxical Tuberculosis-Associated IRIS

Viral suppression and HIV transmission in serodiscordant male couples: an international, prospective, observational, cohort study

Evaluation of a mosaic HIV-1 vaccine in a multicentre,randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2a clinical trial (APPROACH) and in rhesus monkeys (NHP 13-19)

Silent Cerebral Small-Vessel Disease Is Twice as Prevalent in Middle-Aged Individuals With Well-Controlled, Combination Antiretroviral Therapy–Treated Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Than in HIV-Uninfected Individuals

Repeat testing of low-level HIV-1 RNA: assay performance and implementation in clinical trials

HIV-1 drug resistance before initiation or re-initiation of first-line antiretroviral therapy in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis

Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Policy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Recommendations From a Modeling Study

Enhanced Prophylaxis plus Antiretroviral Therapy for Advanced HIV Infection in Africa

Kidney Diseases Associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Plasma But Not Cerebrospinal Fluid Interleukin 7 and Interleukin 5 Levels Pre–Antiretroviral Therapy Commencement Predict Cryptococcosis-Associated Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome

Survival of HIV-positive patients starting antiretroviral therapy between 1996 and 2013: a collaborative analysis of cohort studies

A Randomized, Controlled Trial of a Behavioral Weight Loss Program for HIV-Infected Patients

Primary Prophylaxis for Cryptococcosis With Fluconazole in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Patients With CD4 T-Cell Counts <100 Cells/μL and Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy

CD32a is a marker of a CD4 T-cell HIV reservoir harbouring replication-competent proviruses

Elevated cytomegalovirus IgG antibody levels are associated with HIV-1 disease progression and immune activation

Life expectancy in HIV-positive persons in Switzerland: matched comparison with general population

Asymptomatic CMV Replication During Early Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection Is Associated With Lower CD4/CD8 Ratio During HIV Treatment

No Evidence That HIV-1 Subtype C Infection Compromises the Efficacy of Tenofovir-Containing Regimens: Cohort Study in the United Kingdom

CMV+ Serostatus Associates Negatively with CD4:CD8 Ratio Normalization in Controlled HIV-Infected Patients on cART

Successful Prevention of Transmission of Integrase Resistance in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study

Immunologic Biomarkers, Morbidity, and Mortality in Treated HIV Infection

Rosuvastatin slows progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with treated HIV infection

Antiretroviral therapy for the prevention of HIV-1 transmission

HIV Transmission Risk Persists During the First 6 Months of Antiretroviral Therapy

Review of the Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics of Raltegravir in Pregnancy

Use of Abacavir and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among HIV-Infected Individuals

Rosuvastatin Is Effective to Decrease CD8 T-Cell Activation Only in HIV-Infected Patients With High Residual T-Cell Activation Under Antiretroviral Therapy

Botswana's progress toward achieving the 2020 UNAIDS 90-90-90 antiretroviral therapy and virological suppression goals: a population-based survey

Empirical tuberculosis therapy versus isoniazid in adult outpatients with advanced HIV initiating antiretroviral therapy (REMEMBER): a multicountry open-label randomised controlled trial

Feasibility and efficacy of early lung cancer diagnosis with chest computed tomography in HIV-infected smokers

Patterns of Cardiovascular Mortality for HIV-Infected Adults in the United States: 1999 to 2013

Adjunctive Dexamethasone in HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis

Outcomes of HIV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma in the era of antiretroviral therapy

CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell kinetics in aviremic HIV-infected patients developing Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma

CD8 T-Cell Expansion and Inflammation Linked to CMV Coinfection in ART-treated HIV Infection

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Does Not Worsen Prognosis of Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Ongoing HIV Replication Replenishes Viral Reservoirs During Therapy

Incidence and progression of coronary artery calcium in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected men

Transient elastography for the detection of hepatic fibrosis in HIV-monoinfected adults with elevated aminotransferases on antiretroviral therapy

Association of immune-activation and senescence markers with non-AIDS-defining comorbidities in HIV-suppressed patients

Effects of randomized rosuvastatin compared with placebo on bone and body composition among HIV-infected adults

Levels of intracellular HIV-DNA in patients with suppressive antiretroviral therapy

Cancer Risk and Use of Protease Inhibitor or Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor–Based Combination Antiretroviral Therapy The D:A:D Study

Time trends for risk of severe age-related diseases in individuals with and without HIV infection in Denmark: a nationwide population-based cohort study

The effect of cumulating exposure to abacavir on the risk of cardiovascular disease events in patients from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study

Course and Clinical Significance of CD8+ T-Cell Counts in a Large Cohort of HIV-Infected Individuals

Impact of low-level viremia on clinical and virological outcomes in treated HIV-1-infected patients

HIV-1 subtype B-infected MSM may have driven the spread of transmitted resistant strains in France in 2007-12: impact on susceptibility to first-line strategies

Influence of the Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy on the Potential for Normalization of Immune Status in Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1–Infected Individuals

Cross-sectional Comparison of the Prevalence of Age-Associated Comorbidities and Their Risk Factors Between HIV-Infected and Uninfected Individuals: The AGEhIV Cohort Study

CD4/CD8 ratio normalisation and non-AIDS-related events in individuals with HIV who achieve viral load suppression with antiretroviral therapy: an observational cohort study

Baseline HIV-1 resistance, virological outcomes, and emergent resistance in the SECOND-LINE trial: an exploratory analysis

Effects of statin therapy on coronary artery plaque volume and high-risk plaque morphology in HIV-infected patients with subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Low Bone Mineral Density in Patients With Well-Suppressed HIV Infection: Association With Body Weight, Smoking, and Prior Advanced HIV Disease

Early versus delayed initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy for HIV-positive adults with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis (TB-HAART): a prospective, international, randomised, placebo-controlled trial

A chronic kidney disease risk score to determine tenofovir safety in a prospective cohort of HIV-positive male veterans

Single-agent tenofovir versus combination emtricitabine plus tenofovir for pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV-1 acquisition: an update of data from a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial

Predicting the outcomes of treatment to eradicate the latent reservoir for HIV-1

Dolutegravir in Antiretroviral-Experienced Patients With Raltegravir- and/or Elvitegravir- Resistant HIV-1: 24-Week Results of the Phase III VIKING-3 Study

Raltegravir for the treatment of patients co-infected with HIV and tuberculosis (ANRS 12 180 Refl ate TB): a multicentre, phase 2, non-comparative, open-label, randomised trial

Association Between Efavirenz as Initial Therapy for HIV-1 Infection and Increased Risk for Suicidal Ideation or Attempted or Completed Suicide. An Analysis of Trial Data

Rapid seeding of the viral reservoir prior to SIV viraemia in rhesus monkeys

Once-daily dolutegravir versus twice-daily raltegravir in antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 infection (SPRING-2 study): 96 week results from a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial

The incidence of AIDS-defining illnesses at a current CD4 count ≥ 200 cells/μL in the post-combination antiretroviral therapy era

Prediction of virological response and assessment of resistance emergence to the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor BMS-626529 during 8-day monotherapy with its prodrug BMS-663068

Cobicistat versus ritonavir as a pharmacoenhancer of atazanavir plus emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in treatment-naive HIV type 1-infected patients: week 48 results

Randomized placebo-controlled study of the safety, tolerability, antiviral activity, and pharmacokinetics of 10-day monotherapy with BMS-986001, a novel HIV NRTI, in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected subjects

Rilpivirine versus efavirenz in HIV-1-infected subjects receiving emtricitabine/tenofovir DF: pooled 96-week data from ECHO and THRIVE Studies

Lopinavir/ritonavir combined with raltegravir or tenofovir/emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naive subjects: 96-week results of the PROGRESS study

Dynamics of cellular HIV-1 DNA levels over 144 weeks of darunavir/ritonavir monotherapy versus triple therapy in the MONET trial

Clinical use of HIV integrase inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Increased Metabolic Activity on 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Associated Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
Published by François RAFFI

Updated: 24 July, 2019

Hammoud DA, Clinical Infectious Diseases 2019 ; 68 :229-38

Background. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) represents an unexpected inflammatory response shortly after initiation of ART in some HIV–infected patients with underlying neoplasia or OIs, including tuberculosis. We hypothesized that IRIS is associated with increased glycolysis and that 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET/CT) could help identify high-risk subjects.

Methods. In this prospective cohort study, 30 HIV-infected patients (CD4+ count <100 cells/μL) underwent FDG-PET/CT scans at baseline and 4–8 weeks after ART initiation.
Ten patients developed IRIS (6 mycobacterial).

Results. At baseline, total glycolytic activity, total lesion volume, and maximum standardized uptake values (SUVs) of pathologic FDG uptake (reflective of opportunistic disease burden) were significantly higher in IRIS vs non-IRIS (P = .010, .017, and .029, respectively) and significantly correlated with soluble inflammatory biomarkers (interferon-γ, myeloperoxidase, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 6, soluble CD14).
Baseline bone marrow and spleen FDG uptake was higher in mycobacterial IRIS specifically. After ART initiation, BM and spleen mean SUV decreased in non-IRIS (p = .004, .013) but not IRIS subjects. Our results were supported by significantly higher glucose transporter 1 (Glut-1) expression of CD4+ cells and monocytes after ART initiation in IRIS/mycobacterial IRIS compared with non-IRIS patients.

Conclusions. We conclude that increased pathologic metabolic activity on FDG-PET/CT prior to ART initiation is associated with IRIS development and correlates with inflammatory biomarkers. Abnormally elevated BM and spleen metabolism is associated with mycobacterial IRIS, HIV viremia, and Glut-1 expression on CD4+ cells and monocytes.